Costs, carbon footprint, and environmental impacts of …
Economies of scale will continue to decrease the share of processing costs on total LIB costs [11, 12]. The relative share of material cost is set to increase. ... [25], we select a state-of-the-art lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide battery (NMC 811), as currently manufactured by, for example, Northvolt [26], for the present analysis. We ...